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<!doctype html><html lang="en"><meta charset="utf-8"><title>Accounts and least privilege</title><h1>Accounts and least privilege</h1><p>15-minute session: read for 3 minutes, trace for 3, experiment for 7, and complete the check for 2. Spend longer whenever you need.</p><p>Give each service only the files and capabilities it needs. Separate administrator access from application identity. Authentication asks who is calling; authorization asks which action that identity may perform. Test a student trying to read another student’s record. A hidden button is not an access-control check.</p><p><strong>Practice and evidence:</strong> Predict the example or draw its state transitions. Change one assumption, test the boundary, and record the actual result. Explain what this small model does not establish about a production system.</p><pre><code class="language-python">def can_read(caller,owner):
return caller==owner
assert can_read(7,7)
assert not can_read(7,8)
print(&quot;Passed&quot;)
</code></pre><p><strong>Expected result:</strong> <code>Passed</code></p><h3>Practice and evidence</h3><p>Keep three notes: your prediction, the actual result, and why they match or differ. The completion check grades understanding; the practice task builds skill.</p></html>